The structural underpinnings of any building must be designed so as to provide the exact level of support, while at the same time minimizing the framework for both aesthetic and cost reasons. Building structural design must take into account the program use of the building, the seismic and hydrologic characteristics of the site, and the need to accommodate additional increased floor loads.

Structural engineering technology for bridges has, in the past century, progressed from huge masonry piers and decking to sleek, minimal steel ribbons. Normal wear-and-tear on bridges demands frequent and comprehensive inspections, and thorough maintenance to ensure safety and extend as long as possible the life span of each structure.